Nicotine is highly addictive,[17][18] unless used in slow-release forms.[19][20] research suggests that monoamine oxidase inhibitors present in tobacco smoke may enhance nicotine's addictive properties .[21][22] An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine.[23] The estimated lower dose limit for fatal outcomes is 500–1,000 mg of ingested nicotine for an adult (6.5–13 mg/kg).[21][23] Nicotine addiction involves reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence.[24] Nicotine dependence involves tolerance, sensitization,[25] physical dependence, and psychological dependence.[26] Nicotine dependence causes distress.[27][28] Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include depressed mood, stress, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and s l e e p disturbances.[1] Mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette.[29]

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